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    Configuring Wi-Fi

    This page shows you how to configure Wi-Fi for your AirLink XR90 router in Access Point mode and Client mode.

    When configured as a Wi-Fi Access Point, multiple wireless devices can connect to the router and use the cellular WAN to access the network. The router can also be configured as a Wi-Fi Client where the router can connect to another Wi-Fi network, instead of the cellular WAN.

    Initializing Table Of Contents...

    Wi-Fi Interfaces

    On the XR90, the following Wi-Fi Interfaces are available:

    WI-FI INTERFACE MODE ANTENNA BANK
    Wi-Fi A 5GHz

    Access Point (Default)
    Can be configured for Client mode.

    		 Always uses Antenna Bank A (i.e. “Wi-Fi A” connectors).
    Wi-Fi AP 2.4GHz Access Point (Default)

    Uses Antenna Bank A or B. (A — “Wi-Fi A”, B — “Wi-Fi B”)
    Select the Antenna Bank that is most suitable for your client devices.
    Wi-Fi B 5GHz

    Client (Default)
    Can be configured for Access Point mode.

    		 Always uses Antenna Bank B (i.e. “Wi-Fi B” connectors).
    Wi-Fi Client 2.4GHz Client (Default) Uses Antenna Bank A or B. (A — “Wi-Fi A”, B — “Wi-Fi B”)

    The REGION field is the regulatory domain that the router Wi-Fi is using. It is determined by using either the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) sensors in the router, or by the Mobile Country Code (MCC) or Mobile Network Code (MNC) transmitted by the carrier and directly received by the device’s receiver. The router will automatically load the operating frequencies for that regulatory region on each Wi-Fi radio interface in the software and will enable 802.11d for broadcasting the newly obtained country information. If the router is not able to determine the region, it will default to the factory defined setting and disable 802.11d.

    Depending on the Region, an OUTDOOR field may optionally be displayed. This allows you to restrict the available channels according to Wi-Fi region regulations. The default is Disabled, indicating an Indoor configuration, which will follow standard regulatory compliance requirements. Outdoor deployments may have additional regulatory considerations, especially if they operate in certain frequency bands. This option will be removed in AirLink OS Release 5.1.

    Configuring Wi-Fi Radios

    The mode of operation for each radio can be configured in the table below. Note that these are general radio settings that are shared by the Access Point and Client interfaces.

    For each radio listed in the WI-FI RADIO CONFIGURATION table:

    • In the Physical field, select the network standard to use.

      • 2.4GHz Access Point configuration: In general, select b/g/n/ax, which also uses the latest standard (11ax), and supports legacy compatibility for 11b, 11g, and 11n. b and b/g/n are the other options available.
      • 5GHz Access Point configuration: In general, select n/ac/ax, which uses the latest standard (11ax), and supports legacy compatibility for 11n and 11ac. Typically, only select n/ac for testing any legacy compatibility issues.

    • In the Channel Bandwidth field, select the bandwidth to use (up to 80 MHz). Each 20 MHz of bandwidth corresponds to 1 channel (i.e., 1 channel = 20 MHz, 4 channels = 80 MHz).

    • Select the MIMO (Multiple Input/Multiple Output) configuration for your installation to optimize throughput and signal quality. Each Wi-Fi antenna bank can have up to 4 antennas connected. Select a non-default setting for an access point if you discovered problems with legacy equipment, have fewer than the maximum number of antennas connected, or to improve the XR90’s thermal performance.

      • 4x4 enables all four antennas for sending and receiving traffic
      • 2x4 configures two antennas for sending and four for receiving
    • Enable DFS Channels will open up more Wi-Fi channels for the router to use, while preventing the router interfering with channels used by radar equipment (near airports, for example). With DFS Channels enabled, the router will switch channels if it detects radar equipment using the same channel. Unless you know that your other operating equipment is DFS capable, Sierra Wireless recommends leaving DFS Channels disabled.

      Enabling DFS allows for more 5GHz channels, but may result in delayed connectivity at boot and in the presence of radar.

      DFS Channels is always enabled for 5GHz radios that have the MODE set to Client.

    • The Transmit Power Level setting allows you to restrict transmit power to the Wi-Fi antenna(s). The actual transmit power attained depends on a number of factors including the regulatory domain and the wireless channel used. Generally, a higher transmit power setting results in greater Wi-Fi range for the clients. Set for 100% by default, and adjust for network conditions. If clients are connecting with many other clients nearby, high transmit power can cause interference and impede throughput across connected clients.

    Configuring a Wi-Fi Access Point

    To configure an interface as an Access Point, click at the end of an Access Point interface row in the WI-FI INTERFACES table (as shown above).

    The Edit Wi-Fi Interface menu appears — configure the fields in any order.

    • ENABLE the interface, and leave the MODE as Access Point.
    • If an ANTENNA BANK choice is shown, select the bank that is most suitable for your client devices:
      • A — Wi-Fi A
      • B — Wi-Fi B
         

    • Select the LAN SEGMENT that you’re going to use for this access point.

      Tip: Click X to display the list of available LAN segments. LAN segments are configured under Bridges (Networking > Zones Settings > Bridges).

      Best Practice recommendation: If the 2.4GHz and 5GHz AP(s) are configured on different LAN segments, use different SSIDs and security passphrases to make sure DHCP renews IP adresses when switching between the APs.

    • Enter the access point’s SSID (a case-sensitive network name).

    • Select the SECURITY MODE — Depending on the mode selected, specific security credential types are required:

      • OPEN — No security. (This mode is not recommended.)
      • WPA — Requires only a SECURITY PASSPHRASE. (This mode is not recommended.)
      • WPA2 — Requires a SECURITY PASSPHRASE, plus 802.11w options.
      • WPA2/WPA3 Transition Mode — Requires a SECURITY PASSPHRASE, plus automatically sets 802.11w internally as Optional.
      • WPA3 — Requires only a SECURITY PASSPHRASE, plus automatically sets 802.11w internally as Required.
      • WPA2-Enterprise — Requires RADIUS Authentication & Acceptance server details.
         

    • For all security modes except OPEN, enter a SECURITY PASSPHRASE of at least 8 characters.

    • For WPA2 and WPA2-Enterprise security modes only, select the 802.11W option.
      The 802.11w standard uses Protected Management Frames (PMF) to ensure clients are legitimate. Options are:

      • Disabled
      • Optional (default) — 802.11w is used for clients that support it, while clients that do not support 802.11w will still connect to the router.
      • Required — Forces 802.11w operation; clients that do not support 802.11w will not connect.

      Note: The 802.11w options do not appear for WPA3 or WPA2/WPA3 Transition Mode. For WPA2/WPA3 Transition Mode, ‘Optional’ is automatically used. For WPA3, “Required’ is automatically used.

    • For WPA2-Enterprise security mode only:

      • Select the RADIUS AUTHENTICATION SERVER to use.
      • Select the RADIUS ACCOUNTING SERVER to use. Note: Radius servers must use IPv4 addresses. FQDNs and IPv6 addresses are not supported.

    • Enable AUTO CHANNEL to have the router choose the channel on which to operate.
      To use a specific channel, disable AUTO CHANNEL and then select it from the CHANNEL list that appears.

    • Enable AUTO BEACON INTERVAL to have the router send periodic messages (beacons) to advertise its availability. To choose a specific interval, disable AUTO BEACON INTERVAL and then manually enter the required BEACON INTERVAL in milliseconds (100 ms is the default).

    • Set the DTIM PERIOD to the number of beacons (plus 1) that a client device can sleep through before waking to check for messages.
      For example, if the DTIM Period is set to 3, the client sleeps through two beacons and wakes for the third beacon. The higher DTIM PERIOD value, the longer the client device can sleep, and the more battery power the client device can potentially save. However, high DTIM periods can also reduce throughput to the client. The default period is 2 (wake for every second beacon).

    • Enable BROADCAST SSID to have the router make the SSID visible to client devices. If BROADCAST SSID is disabled, the SSID is not shown to other devices, and the SSID and passphrase must be entered on the client for a client to connect.

    • When CLIENT ISOLATION is disabled (the default setting), clients can “see” each other, and potentially sniff traffic from each other.

      • For passenger Wi-Fi applications, enable client isolation to enhance security.
      • Disable client isolation if you have client applications on the same LAN segment that need to interact with each other.

    • Set the MAX NUMBER OF CLIENTS — Enter the maximum number of clients that can connect simultaneously to this access point interface. As a guideline, set a limit that is slightly higher than the number of clients you expect to connect.

      The maximum value you can enter depends on the interface:

      • Wi-Fi A 5GHz in AP mode supports up to 128 clients (includes clients connected to up to two additional 5GHz SSIDs)
      • Wi-Fi AP 2.4GHz supports up to 64 clients (includes clients connected to up to two additional 2.4GHz SSIDs)
      • Wi-Fi B 5GHz in AP mode supports 64 clients (includes clients connected to up to two additional 5GHz SSIDs)

      For example (using the Wi-Fi A 5GHz radio in the figure below, which is capable of supporting up to 128 clients):

      Configured Maximum Total Allowed Wi-Fi A 5GHz connected Wi-Fi A 5GHz SSID 1 connected Wi-Fi A 5GHz SSID 2 connected Available
      Wi-Fi A 5GHz = 128
      Wi-Fi A 5GHz SSID 1 = 128
      Wi-Fi A 5GHz SSID 2 = 128       		128 50 46 0 32 across all three SSIDs
      Wi-Fi A 5GHz = 30
      Wi-Fi A 5GHz SSID 1 = 20
      Wi-Fi A 5GHz SSID 2 = 10       		60 25 20 5 10 across Wi-Fi A 5GHz and Wi-Fi A 5GHz SSID 2
      (Wi-Fi 5GHz A SSID 1 is at max.)

    Adding Additional SSIDs (Virtual Access Points)

    A USE ADDITIONAL SSIDS switch is below the Wi-Fi configuration table. This switch can be used when you require multiple SSIDs broadcasting on separate LAN segments which are configured for different security protocols.

    When enabled, an Additional SSIDS table opens from which you can select, enable, and edit SSIDs (Virtual Access Points — “VAP”s).

    Up to two additional SSIDs can be enabled for each of the access point interfaces (i.e., two for Wi-Fi A 5GHz, two for Wi-Fi AP 2.4GHz, and two for Wi-Fi B 5GHz).

    To configure an additional SSID, click at the end of the row in the ADDITIONAL SSIDS table (as shown above).

    The Edit Wi-Fi VAP menu appears — configure the fields in any order.

    This menu is identical to the Edit Wi-Fi Interface menu except there are no CHANNEL or BEACON INTERVAL settings. Those settings are inherited from the corresponding Wi-Fi Interface.

    Dual-Band Client Connection

    A DUAL-BAND CLIENT CONNECTION is a network configuration where the router can connect to a Wi-Fi network using either the 2.4GHz frequency band or the 5GHz frequency band. This allows the router to choose between these two frequency bands based on various factors such as signal strength and network congestion. When DUAL-BAND CLIENT CONNECTION is enabled, it is capable of switching dynamically between these frequency bands, which is useful in environments with multiple Wi-Fi networks and varying levels of interference.

    Only one band will be connected at any time. The underlying interfaces will share a single MAC address. Roaming between bands will take place according to internal thresholds, with a preference for the 5GHz band. Roaming within the band will function as usual.

    Tip: It is recommended that the BACKGROUND SCAN INTERVAL, configured in the Wi-Fi Interface, is set to 30s, in order to have the best roaming experience.

    Note: The SSID Priority setting is not supported across the bands, but it is supported within the band.

    If both 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wi-Fi interfaces with distinct MAC addresses are activated, the DUAL-BAND CLIENT CONNECTION field can be configured.

    When DUAL-BAND CLIENT CONNECTION is set to On, then the following fields will appear:

    1. Under DUAL-BAND 2.4GHZ INTERFACE, select the 2.4GHz interface that will be used.
    2. Under DUAL-BAND 5GHZ INTERFACE, select the 5GHz interface that will be used.
    3. Under DUAL-BAND 2.4GHZ FALLBACK THRESHOLD, specify the threshold delta to switch from 5GHz to 2.4GHz. Raising this value will assist in preventing the switch to 2.4GHz.
    4. Under DUAL-BAND 5GHZ FALLBACK THRESHOLD, specify the threshold delta to switch from 2.4GHz to 5GHz. Lowering this value will promote a preference for 5GHz over 2.4GHz.

    Managing APs During Client Association

    A DISABLE APS ON CLIENT ASSOCIATION switch is below the Wi-Fi configuration and Additional SSIDs tables. Enabling APS (Access Point Steering) on client association is typically done in wireless network management to improve the overall performance and user experience in scenarios where multiple access points are deployed.

    This switch is disabled by default.

    If this switch is enabled, the router will automatically disable some or all of its Access Points and Additional SSIDs when its Wi-Fi Client connects to a Wi-Fi access point (for example, when arriving at a service vehicle depot). Then, when the router disconnects from the access point, its own Access Points and Additional SSIDs are automatically re-enabled.

    To configure this feature:

    1. Enable the switch. Configuration fields appear.
    2. Set the DISABLE AP DELAY to the length of time to wait before disabling the router’s Access Points. If no delay is required, set the delay to 0.
    3. Optionally, choose from the DISABLE AP IGNORE LIST any APs and Additional SSIDs that should not be disabled by this feature.

    Monitoring Access Point Mode Operation

    On Status/Monitoring > Dashboard, the LAN dashboard shows you the Wi-Fi LAN interfaces and the LAN segments they use. A blue Access Point icon ( ) indicates the interface is enabled and operating.

    Tip: Click a Wi-Fi LAN interface icon to go to the WI-FI INTERFACES configuration table and review your configuration. Hover your cursor over the DATA USAGE pie chart segments to see usage for each connection type.

    Additionally, you can go to Status/Monitoring > System > Wi-Fi to view detailed Wi-Fi Access Point status, including the active channel and connected stations (clients).

    Configuring Wi-Fi Client Mode

    You can create a Client Mode configuration by using a scanned SSID from the SSID Database, or by creating an SSID. The router will use the SSID for its WAN connection.

    When connecting the XR router to an internal network via Wi-Fi or Ethernet WAN, ensure that the network providing a WAN link does not use the XR router’s default internal subnet (192.168.1.0/24). The address conflict will prevent the WAN connection from being established.

    For more information, see this Sierra Wireless Customer Community article.

    Tip: Hover the pointer on an SSID to view the channel, BSSID and RSSI for each band.

    To use a scanned SSID:

    1. In the SCANNED SSIDS table, click SELECT to add the desired SSID to the SELECTED SSIDS table. You must then fully enable the new SSID by adding the SSID’s security passphrase.
    2. In the SELECTED SSIDS table, click edit for the desired Client SSID.
    3. In the Edit SSID screen, add the security passphrase and assign a priority (optional).
    4. Click UPDATE.

    After you configure the SSID with a passphrase, the Wi-Fi Client interface starts using it (if another SSID with a higher priority is not configured).

    To create an SSID manually:

    1. Under the SELECTED SSIDS table, click CREATE SSID.
    2. In the Create SSID screen, enter the SSID name.
    3. Select a SECURITY MODE. For mode WPA2 or WPA2 Enterprise, 802.11w options appear. If required, select an option to enable 802.11w operation. The 802.11w standard uses Security Association Query Requests to ensure that clients are legitimate. Options are:
      • Disabled
      • Optional (default): 802.11w will be used when connecting to access points that support it.
      • Required: forces 802.11w operation; the router will not connect to access points unless they have 802.11w enabled.

        • Note: For WPA2/WPA3 Transition mode access points, Optional is used automatically. For WPA3-only access points, Required is used automatically.

    4. Select the PRIORITY. The smaller the value, the higher the priority. Leaving PRIORITY blank puts this SSID at the lowest priority.
    5. Click CREATE.

    Additional Client mode configuration

    You can complete the Client mode configuration in the WI-FI INTERFACES table.

    To configure an interface as a Client, click at the end of the row of a Client interface.

    The Edit Wi-Fi Interface menu appears — configure the fields in any order.

    • ENABLE the interface, and leave the MODE as Client.

    • Set the SSID SELECTION switch:

      When you have multiple SSIDs configured, Sierra Wireless recommends leaving SSID SELECTION at the default Auto (Highest Priority) setting. The router will automatically search and connect to an SSID depending on priority. If priorities are identical, the router will use the closest SSID with the fastest estimated link speed. To configure the Wi-Fi client to use only a single, specific SSID, set SSID Selection to “Manual” and then choose the CONFIGURED SSID you wish to connect to.

    • Enter the SCAN INTERVAL, which sets how often the router scans for SSIDs when disconnected.
    • Set the BACKGROUND SCAN switch, which enables or disables the router scanning and connecting to higher priority SSIDs while already connected.
    • Enter the BACKGROUND SCAN INTERVAL, which sets how often the router scans for other SSIDs when connected.

    Monitoring Client Mode Operation

    On Status/Monitoring > Dashboard, the WAN dashboard shows you the Wi-Fi WAN interfaces. A grey Wi-Fi icon ( ) indicates a disconnected interface. A blue Wi-Fi icon ( ) indicates a connected interface.

    Tip: Click a Wi-Fi icon to go to the WI-FI INTERFACES configuration table and review your configuration.

    Additionally, you can go to Status/Monitoring > System > Wi-Fi to view detailed Wi-Fi Client status, including bitrate and the active channel.

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